Time does not stand still, and with it human relations and society as a whole change. The patriarchal structure of the social cell is being replaced by the egalitarian family. "What is this?" the reader will ask. This is the topic of our conversation today. If we reveal all the cards at once, the intrigue will die. Therefore, there is no need to rush.
Definition and features
>An egalitarian family is a relationship in which neither spouse claims power, it is divided equally between a man and a woman. The same thing happens with social roles and domestic responsibilities. There is no division into "male" and "female". Does the one who can.
Is it clear what an egalitarian family is? The features that characterize it follow.
- The primacy of individual interests over family (tribal). In practice, this means that each member of the family wants not only to fulfill their family, gender role, but also to achieve something in the professional field. Therefore, relationships should be built in such a way that the husband and wife have room for creativity and realization.
- A family is created by the mutual desire of a man and a woman. Everyone's personal choice is decisive. It seems that no explanation is needed here. In theory, an egalitarian family is an entity that is created only because a man and a woman love each other. But, as we know, theory and practice do not always coincide.
- No more than two generations (parents and children) live under one roof.
- The couple plans children together.
- Small children. With all the ensuing consequences: the emphasis is on the "quality" of children, not "quantity". That is, the spouses set the goal of preparing children for social life as much as possible: raising them properly, giving the education that will help the offspring get a good, interesting and well-paid job. Since there are not many children (one or two), the man and woman do not forget about themselves and combine parental functions with other social roles. As an inevitable result: sex is perceived as a source of pleasure, and not a way of reproduction.
- High degree of social and geographic mobility. Simply put, the saying “where you were born, there you came in handy” is not about members of an egalitarian family. People change jobs and places of residence if necessary. Not to say that this happens easily and freely, but no one makes a tragedy out of this either.
- In the possession and inheritance of marital property, spouses are legally equal.
The egalitarian family is a revolutionary thing that allows both man and woman to “breathe freely”. But without comparison with other types of arrangement of family relations, it is impossible to fully appreciate its significance.
Family types. Patriarchy
>What are the alternatives? There are also patriarchal and matriarchal families. We will briefly describe them in order to understand the difference.
Characteristic features of a patriarchal family:
Is it worth saying that "democratic relations" is a concept not known to people who live according to the patriarchal canon?
Matriarchy
>It is more difficult to talk about matriarchy as a social structure, because many are still sure that it did not exist. Although Erich Fromm, referring to Bahoven, refutes this point of view. In other words, the debate is ongoing. The problem is that when people talk about ancient times, then history, archeology and mythology merge together, and it is not possible to separate one from the other. In any case, it was so long ago that it is difficult to talk about it in detail, we will indicate only those signs that are known for sure:
- The family is created around a woman, not a man.
- The inheritance of property and values is passed down through the maternal line.
- The pedigree is considered from the mother and female representatives of the genus.
Matriarchy is certainly a most interesting phenomenon, especially its “modern version”: when formally the relationship has the status of an “egalitarian family” (it’s clear what it is), but actually matriarchal, where a man is a subordinate element (the same is true for patriarchy, when the wife is dependent on her husband with the formal equality of the parties).
Finishing the conversation about let's say that there are enough supporters of both matriarchal and patriarchal families in the world. There are also countries where the models are functioning, it is difficult for a Westerner to judge their success.
Household interchangeability of spouses
>After a cursory examination of family arrangements, it became clear why egalitarian is preferable for both certain men and some women. However, let's look at it from different angles.
Advantages:
- equality;
- understanding;
- freedom;
- mobility;
- dialogue as a way of family existence.
On paper, the model is so good that it's hard to find flaws in it. At this point, we must remember that traditions are strong in Russia, that is, not all the people around us support progressive ideas in general and the idea of a family in which each family member does not what his gender role requires him to do, but what he can do in particular. Therefore, if we note the shortcomings, let's say: the model can cause individual intolerance in some people, as well as bring up complexes if the couple practices "equal marriage" in a patriarchal environment.
Social equality of husband and wife
>An egalitarian marriage implies not only the rights, but also the duties of both wife and husband. The fact that in this system of relations a man and a woman are interchangeable redistributes priorities. For example, money ceases to be a purely male problem. On the one hand, this is good, because the husband no longer feels lonely in this sense, he knows that if something happens to him, the wife will help not only morally, but also financially. On the other hand, this is bad because a woman and a man will no longer be able to appeal to a person’s gender role and conscience to use the epic phrase: “You are a man!” or "You're a woman!" Here everyone is responsible for the other and for the common offspring.
Emotional richness
>From the basic principles of such a marriage follows another characteristic feature of the egalitarian family, which is placed in the subtitle. It is strange, perhaps, to single out emotions in a relationship in a separate group. But since the model offers a qualitatively different interaction, why not say that equality has a beneficial effect on Love flourishes if it grows on the soil of freedom. And repressions are needed only in order to fight objectionable ones, oppression cannot cause love. When one spouse does not respect, does not appreciate the other, and this goes on all his life, then insults accumulate, and they, even unspoken, poison the family atmosphere.
Egalitarian marriage is seen in this sense as the exact opposite of both patriarchy and matriarchy. Do not think that this is some kind of ideal. Firstly, there are so few truly equal relations (why, we will discuss below), and secondly, the majority of egalitarian families in form represent modern patriarchy and matriarchy in content. For example, when both work, but when a man says: “This is a woman’s business!” And the wife on occasion reminds: “Be a man!” We think the reader understands perfectly what we are talking about. Of course, it can be said that the egalitarian family, like any synthesis, contains the qualities of thesis and antithesis in a sublimated form, obeying the laws of Hegelian dialectics. But interpretation is a matter of taste.
Egalitarian marriage is a fragile entity
>It turns out that an equal marriage is pure pleasure? Not certainly in that way. The primacy of personal interests over family interests is fraught with many problems. For example, you can remember the film and book "The World Through Garp's Eyes". When the spouses tried not to limit each other and even, if possible, forgive betrayal. Garp's wife somehow coped, but he himself did not. And do not think that a democratic marriage involves moral anarchy and sexual freedom. Rather, it is an illustration of what the misinterpretation of freedom and equality leads to. Such a family arrangement is suitable only for mature people who are ready to take responsibility. If family and marriage are a way to adjust to life, then an equal and repressive-free relationship is hardly what is needed.
And the last thing: freedom is wonderful, but it needs a habit, and a person must also have a certain amount of reasonableness in order to know where rights end and duties begin. As Bernard Shaw said: "Freedom means responsibility, that's why most people are afraid of it." And without freedom, one cannot build equal and emotionally rich relationships. Modern life offers at least three models for building relationships. And these are only global possibilities, and how many practical variations there are between them! Therefore, everyone decides for himself.
In Germany, the adoption law does not yet apply to same-sex couples, despite the fact that they are raising about 7,000 children. Justice Minister Brigitte Cypris demanded equal rights for families and same-sex couples.
Unlike 11 other European countries, in Germany the law on the right to adopt for same-sex partnerships does not apply, although many children are brought up in rainbow families. The fact is that since August 1, 2001 in Germany, homosexual couples have been able to officially register their relationship. However, same-sex unions are not called "marriages" or "families" in Germany. This is not because the Germans do not accept "rainbow families" - on the contrary, as polls show, about 70 percent of the country's population has a positive or neutral attitude towards them.
This approach reflects the legal side of the matter, since same-sex couples are not equal in rights with traditional families. This applies to the constitutional right to family protection, tax and benefits, receiving a pension for the loss of a spouse, a number of laws on public service, as well as other legal norms. But German Justice Minister Brigitte Zypries does not agree with this state of affairs:
“Children living with same-sex adoptive parents, although adopted by one of the partners, are in reality raised by two adults, whether they are two women or two men,” points out Brigitte Cypris. “Therefore, the legal framework for adoption needs to be improved.”
Gays and lesbians are looking for "loopholes"
In Germany, same-sex couples still have to live by the principle that laws exist for that, so that they can be circumvented. Gays and lesbians who raise children born in heterosexual families or with the help of artificial insemination abroad are placed in such conditions.
German women living in an officially registered same-sex "marriage" are not yet helped by doctors to give birth to a "test-tube" child. At the same time, doctors refer to ethical standards, although the law does not prohibit this. Lesbians have found a "loophole": they travel to neighboring countries for artificial insemination, and give birth and raise children in Germany itself.
More rights for the child
"By advocating for equality in matters of adoption, we, in fact, are seeking greater rights for the child, which he has in ordinary families, where the mother and father are equally responsible for his upbringing," Tsipris said. In a same-sex "marriage", according to the Minister of Justice, only the one who adopted the child, that is, one of the two partners, bears official responsibility so far. If something happens to him, for example, illness or death, then his “second half” has no right to participate in the future fate of the child, who can be transferred to an orphanage or another foster family for upbringing.
"This legal situation does not suit us. If one of the two is given the right to adopt a child, then why should this right be deprived of his partner? Especially since the child is brought up in an officially registered same-sex partnership. That's the discrepancy!" - explains the Minister of Justice.
The position of the Social Democrat Brigitte Cypris is shared by representatives of the Greens and Free Democrats. Members of the bloc of Christian parties CDU / CSU and the Catholic Church do not agree with them. The deputy head of the CDU parliamentary faction, Wolfgang Bosbach, criticized the Minister of Justice's statement: "We are deeply convinced that children should be brought up in a family where there is a man and a woman."
Research results are 'rosy' like a gay flag
Meanwhile, studies conducted over the 10 years of the existence of the same-sex "marriage" law show that more and more children are being brought up in gay families. For example, experts at the State Institute for Family Research at the University of Bamberg estimate that at least 6,600 children live with same-sex foster parents, a third of whom are in formal partnerships.
According to the study, children in "rainbow families" develop no worse than in traditional ones. At the same time, according to experts, unlike their peers from "normal" families, they often receive not an authoritarian, but a more liberal upbringing. "Rainbow" children are less prone to depression, more calmly withstand the ridicule of their peers due to the absence of a father or mother, and do not have problems with gender identity, - such is the conclusion of experts.
Accept reality as it is
Ideas about family life in Germany and other EU countries are changing. Today, in addition to the traditional, there are other models of partnerships - single-parent families, the so-called "patchwork" (patchwork families), in which each of the partners brought children from a previous marriage into the family, as well as same-sex partnerships with children. The Minister of Justice is confident that Germany should join the European agreements on the adoption of children by same-sex couples, which have already been signed by 11 EU countries.
Tsipris insists on the speedy equalization of the rights of same-sex marriages with heterosexual ones in terms of tax legislation. "We need to finally accept reality as it is," says Brigitte Cypris.
The Minister of Justice of the Federal Republic of Germany also notes that we are talking about children who are brought up by officially unregistered same-sex couples. According to Cypries, in total, from 10 to 20 thousand children live in "rainbow families" in Germany today.
Actual
>Context
>Archive
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Anniversary Parade of Sexual Minorities Held in Berlin
>Berlin hosted the 30th anniversary parade of sexual minorities. About half a million homosexuals from all over Germany are celebrating and at the same time demonstrating for their rights. (28.06.2008)
The problem of equality between men and women was outlined at the beginning of the last century in European countries. It was then, along with world economic and political problems, that the issue of women's rights in the family and society entered the arena. By the 21st century, the theme of equality has resulted in fundamental scientific research in many areas and has received its proud name - gender issues.
Modern families have become quite loyal to the issues of equality. If earlier a woman was only a keeper of the hearth and a “beautiful addition” to her man at secular evenings, today women themselves often hold leadership positions, and both mother and father of the family work in relation to the family. However, despite the fact that the men gave way to the ladies as the leader, the hearth still remains in women's hands in 90% of cases.
Another negative consequence of female emancipation was the fact that a man from a conqueror turned into a contemplator. On a subconscious level, they come to the conclusion that once a woman has become self-sufficient, she no longer needs male care and protection. However, this is a deceptive feeling, completely contrary to the laws of nature. reveal your natural charisma.
What should be the equality in the family?
>Before you get married, you need to clearly define for yourself what equality in the family should be.
Equality in the family does not mean that a man and a woman should have rights and duties that mirror each other. After all, just as two halves of a face cannot be identical, so there is no absolute equality between the right and left halves of one family. Nature conceived a woman physically weaker than a man. Therefore, drilling holes in the wall for nails or taking out the old tile for garbage after repair is still a man's responsibility. However, a woman should not be in the SPA at this moment either. If repairs are being done, then together. Just as one leg cannot go and the other stay in place, so spouses should not diverge in marriage in different directions.
The internal form of the word "equality" implies the same rights for both spouses. But do not forget that where there are rights, there are duties. The person who assumes the leading role in marriage must first of all remember that with the privilege of the last word, the obligation to take responsibility for the consequences falls on him. Modern women tend to break off a larger piece of loaf at a wedding so that there is matriarchy in the family. But is it so good?
Unequal Family
>Many wives, on whose shoulders all the responsibility for the family falls, over the years, more and more regret the unbearable burden placed on them. So nature decreed that a man should be the commander of the ship. But then it will turn out to be an “unequal family”? No, other features of marriage fall under this concept.
An unequal family, what is it like?
It is important to remember that not only women, but also men and children fall under discriminatory actions in the family.
1. The fact of violence against women is most often observed. It can be physical: beating, rape; psychological: infringement of universal human rights, moral crush; economic: limitation in finance; social: prohibitions on communication with other people, on visiting public places and much more.
2. Quite often there is moral violence against men in the family. Not being able to suppress the stronger sex physically, women have perfectly mastered the technique of moral destruction of men, not even suspecting that they are causing them irreparable damage.
3. Violence against children. The most defenseless members of the family, who are affected by inequality, are children. They suffer because of age-related prohibitions on the part of their parents, often cannot protect themselves from violence due to physical weakness, and are subject to moral pressure. In addition, children undeniably suffer because of the infringement of one of the parents by the other.
It is these criteria that are a violation of international human rights and are even protected by law. The question of what will wash the dishes remains the right of choice, which should be present in any civilized family with equal rights.
A family is a constant work on each of its members. It is necessary to learn to concede and compromise both opponents in conflict situations. Human relationships are like an organism: two eyes cannot look in different directions. If this is possible in nature, this is an anomaly and must be dealt with. Therefore, husband and wife should come to the same decision. Especially when it comes to raising children.
Gender equality implies, first of all, not the same duties, but the right to choose. It is this that the spouse should give to his soulmate and respect the decision of the spouse.
In order to avoid conflict situations over the distribution of responsibilities, the most important domestic issues should be discussed even before the creation of a family, and enter into an alliance with a person only if the conditions satisfy both parties. Hoping that a spouse will change his mind over time is a dubious guarantee of a quiet life.
The main factor due to which harmony can be achieved in marriage is the mutual respect of the spouses.
Remember that in a family where there is love, there will always be equality. After all, a loving person is able to hear his spouse. Talk to your loved ones about what is hard for you and what you would like to take on, try to do the work together and then you will surely get closer to the desired result.
Hello. Help me deal with my relationship with my spouse. together for three years, married 2. married with one child, and the oldest child from my first marriage. my parents provided me with an apartment, a car before marriage. I have a good job, plus an individual entrepreneur with a small income. my husband is deprived of an inheritance and I knew this before marriage. but in spite of all this I was satisfied with everything. My parents gave us land with even a house already built on the plot. little left to finish. since the child is the second, then I was entitled to mat.capital. I bought the share from my parents with this money, which I divided among the children, leaving nothing for myself, because I know that in the future my parents will issue a deed of gift to me. and after that the husband as from a chain broke. he began to shout that he only agreed to receive in equal shares, because he was afraid and did not trust me, supposedly he would work in it, and I would be a full-fledged mistress, and in the event of a divorce, he would be left with nothing. I said so: I don't want to leave empty-handed. I felt embarrassed. because he accused my parents of being mercenary. The fact is that in our family there are often scandals, he shouts about equality, but he does not take into account my opinion and my words. as if I'm turning my children and relatives against him, but in fact, on the contrary, I'm shielding him. he loves to sleep. and if he has a day off, he won’t get off the couch, not to mention helping me around the house or playing with the children. therefore, my new apartment with a good repair in three years turned into a constant construction and renovation, because he starts something and immediately quits, as the sofa and TV lure him. far removed from the conflict. told me either they share it in equal shares, or he refuses it, he will not work accordingly, and let them reimburse him for his work in it, and return the money we spent. Do I have to give up a good life for his tyranny? and not a word about children. After all, this is their legacy. he is 33, I am 26. He offered me a divorce, I agree, but he does not leave the apartment. What's going on in his head? I am very ashamed in front of my family for his behavior. He constantly says that there should be equality in the family, he accuses me that I put myself above him (although this is not so). What kind of equality are we talking about if he does not consider my opinion.
Addition of the author from 06.02.16 13:23:17
In a previous marriage, my husband also always lay on the couch, did not want to work, lived with my parents, and besides, he stole money from my parents. in the current marriage, the spouse lies on the couch, goes to work, and counts the inheritance and money of strangers. my fault is. understood her. Yes, I am a parent to my husband. and it started with little things, at first I was worried about the prosperity in the family, made some decisions (together with my husband), went to pay obligations: loans, a communal apartment, gardens, and so on and so forth. I tell him what and where to go, what and why to pick up. I did everything to free this person from these trifles, and besides, I make payments at home. you don't have to go anywhere.
I don’t suit him, or rather, supposedly I put myself high. although this is not the case at all. and he does not want to listen to me, stands on his ultimatums.
SURVEY DATA
Equality in the family: from declarations to reality?
A revolution in the ideas of Russians about the distribution of family roles has already taken place. Now it's up to the change in real behavior, and it still remains traditional in many respects.
Analytical review
tables
infographics
Comment
Methodology
Briefly about the main
- Only 1% of Russians believe that a woman should be the head of the family
- Laundry, ironing, cooking in most cases in married couples is the responsibility of the fair sex.
MOSCOW, March 6, 2018 The All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM) presents data from a study dedicated to International Women's Day. Both in theory and in practice, Russians advocate equality in the family: 82% of all respondents believe that it should be so, 72% of those who are married/living together/dating say that in practice they make all decisions together (since 2009 - 34% - this figure has doubled). Those who still put one person from a married couple at the forefront more often call a man the head of the family (16% say that it should be so, 21% say that this is what happens in their relationship) than a woman (1% and 6% respectively). Nominally, equality in family responsibilities is declared in almost all areas.,which is largely implemented in practice. First of all, representatives of married couples talk about joint organization of leisure activities (gender equality index * is 86 points), buying food (84 points) and gifts for friends (85 points), as well as activities with children (72 points) and etc. Today, purely women's duties include (considered the norm) only washing clothes, men's - minor repairs (according to their experience, in married couples, 72% of women do laundry, and 67% of men do repairs). At the same time, some of the functions are still distributed quite traditionally.: not only washing, but also ironing, cooking, cleaning are women's affairs, married couples are recognized. However, in recent years there has been a positive trend in the answer “we do it together”. The majority (61%) provide financial support for the family jointly (the index is 80 points), as well as budget management (59% and 79 points, respectively). Men, on average, believe that a woman should contribute a third (32%) to the total budget, women name an average figure of 43%. Men who are in a relationship (married/living together/dating) say they contribute about 75% to the total piggy bank, women - 44%. *Gender Equality Index shows how equally distributed family responsibilities between men and women. The higher the index value, the higher the level of equality. The index is calculated as the sum of the answers to the question: “How are the following responsibilities distributed in your family/couple?”, where the answer “jointly” is assigned a coefficient of 1, the answers “male” and “woman” are given a coefficient of 0.5, and the other answers are given a coefficient of 0. The index is measured in points ranging from 50 to 100.
The survey data is commented by VTsIOM analyst Ivan Lekontsev: “The greatest gender equality in Russian families is observed on one of the most pressing issues - financial. Men and women now earn money together, plan family expenses together, and believe that this is how it should be. The old stereotype that the husband should fully provide for the family has been irreversibly destroyed. Although while men continue to claim that their contribution to the family budget is more than 50%, and mostly women agree with them. But there are areas where practice lags behind the notions of what is due: for example, the "ideal", according to the ideas of Russians, level of equality has not yet been achieved in the field of raising children, paying bills, ironing things. In a large number of families, these responsibilities still fall only on women. Full equality is likely to be unattainable. However, while Russians' ideas about the need for gender equality are undoubtedly ahead of practice, which means that practice will inevitably change.”
The VTsIOM-Sputnik initiative all-Russian survey was conducted on February 28-March 1, 2018. Russians aged 18 and over take part in the survey. The survey method is a telephone interview based on a stratified, two-basic random sample of fixed and mobile numbers of 2,000 respondents. The sample was built on the basis of a complete list of telephone numbers used in the territory of the Russian Federation. The data are weighted by probability of selection and by socio-demographic parameters. For this sample, the maximum error size with a probability of 95% does not exceed 2.2%. In addition to sampling error, survey data can be biased by the wording of questions and various circumstances that arise during field work. In 2009, 2011 residential surveys were carried out.
Contains questions of this thematic block and socio-demographic variables.
Do you think the head of the family / couple SHOULD BE A MAN, SHOULD BE A WOMAN OR BOTH MAN AND WOMAN SHOULD JOINTLY make major decisions? (closed question, one answer, %)
| All respondents | Men | Women | Single (not married) and not in a relationship | Married) | We live together, but we are not officially married | Dating, living apart, not officially married | Living apart but not divorced | Divorced (divorced) | Widower (widow) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The head of the family / couple is a man, he makes the main decisions | 16 | 18 | 13 | 21 | 16 | 13 | 8 | 13 | 15 | 15 |
| The head of the family / couple is a woman, she makes the main decisions | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Both the man and the woman are equal members of the family/couple and jointly make major decisions | 82 | 79 | 85 | 76 | 83 | 85 | 91 | 87 | 83 | 81 |
| Difficult to answer | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
And who, in your opinion, IS THE HEAD OF YOUR FAMILY/COUPLE? (closed question, one answer, % of married, living together, dating)
How do you think the following responsibilities should be distributed in a family/couple? (closed-ended question, one answer per line, % of those NOT married, NOT living together, NOT dating) 2018
| The male | Woman | jointly | Other family/couple member | Difficult to answer | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 7 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| Leisure organization | 6 | 6 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 3 | 15 | 79 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
| Buying products | 7 | 15 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| pet care | 10 | 10 | 69 | 0 | 6 | 5 |
| Budget management | 10 | 22 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| washing dishes | 1 | 31 | 64 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Payment of bills | 23 | 14 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| House cleaning | 1 | 39 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 38 | 2 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Cooking | 2 | 38 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| ironing things | 1 | 42 | 48 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
| Minor home repairs | 59 | 2 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Laundry | 1 | 59 | 35 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
How are the following responsibilities distributed in your family/couple?
| Year/answer option | The male | Woman | jointly | Other family/couple member | No such obligation in the family/couple | Difficult to answer | Gender Equality Index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leisure organization | 2018 | 8 | 14 | 75 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 86 |
| Leisure organization | 2011 | 6 | 23 | 57 | 6 | 8 | - | 72 |
| Buying gifts for friends, relatives, colleagues, congratulating them on holidays | 2018 | 3 | 24 | 71 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 85 |
| Buying gifts for friends, relatives, colleagues, congratulating them on holidays | 2011 | 4 | 31 | 56 | 5 | 4 | - | 74 |
| Buying products | 2018 | 11 | 22 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 84 |
| Buying products | 2011 | 6 | 38 | 50 | 5 | 1 | - | 72 |
| Financial support of the family/couple | 2018 | 36 | 2 | 61 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 80 |
| Budget management | 2018 | 12 | 27 | 59 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 79 |
| washing dishes | 2018 | 4 | 41 | 52 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 75 |
| washing dishes | 2011 | 5 | 57 | 31 | 6 | 1 | - | 62 |
| Activities with children, walking, checking homework | 2018 | 3 | 22 | 59 | 0 | 13 | 3 | 72 |
| Activities with children, walking, checking homework | 2011 | 3 | 26 | 29 | 4 | 38 | - | 44 |
| House cleaning | 2018 | 2 | 50 | 46 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 72 |
| House cleaning | 2011 | 4 | 60 | 29 | 6 | 1 | - | 61 |
| Cooking | 2018 | 2 | 57 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 70 |
| Cooking | 2011 | 4 | 65 | 24 | 6 | 1 | - | 59 |
| Payment of bills | 2018 | 33 | 31 | 34 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 66 |
| Payment of bills | 2011 | 16 | 44 | 31 | 8 | 1 | - | 61 |
| pet care | 2018 | 13 | 14 | 51 | 1 | 18 | 3 | 65 |
| pet care | 2011 | 7 | 22 | 31 | 7 | 33 | - | 46 |
| Minor home repairs | 2018 | 67 | 3 | 28 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 63 |
| Minor home repairs | 2011 | 56 | 11 | 21 | 9 | 3 | - | 55 |
| ironing things | 2018 | 2 | 63 | 27 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 60 |
| ironing things | 2011 | 3 | 74 | 13 | 8 | 2 | - | 52 |
| Laundry | 2018 | 1 | 72 | 21 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 58 |
| Laundry | 2011 | 3 | 74 | 15 | 7 | 1 | - | 54 |
